Sammrize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sammrize - Essay Example The role of homeowners as participants and victims of the financial crisis was proffered in terms of being appraised and evaluated wrongfully posing inability to pay for mortgages of overvalued homes. The ethical issues identified were dishonestly, fraud, and scam, as mortgage brokers’ interests over the homeowners took precedence to gain financial profits at the disadvantage of unsuspecting public. The presentation, likewise, pinpointed mortgage banks, brokers and the two government sponsored entities, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, that were supposed to regulate and monitor the credit worthiness and validity of all mortgage instruments of private banks, but failed due to greed, corruption and excessive bonuses accorded to senior management officers, despite the impending financial meltdown. In the end, the financial crisis was instigated by the financial system that is expected to apply due diligence and adhere to ethical standards and codes of discipline to ensure the safety a nd security of the funds invested by the public.

Principles of Instructional Design Essay Example for Free

Principles of Instructional Design Essay Pilot or field test are programs where new software concepts or new project ideas are tested and reviewed. A pilot test takes place earlier before the initial implementation of the project. During these period of field test participants are encouraged to provide feedback not just on the project being implemented but how the project is useful and how it can be improved. Its main aim is to influence the feature and the future of the final product to be implemented. Also peoples reaction about the project or soft ware should be taken into consideration as they are they main target. Pilot tests are mostly used during the implementation of new ideas . Pilot tests are also plans, conducts, directs and reports associated with ideas to bring new designs, development, and modification of a new or existing product (Taylor, 2005). Pilot tests are important because they help create better implementation of projects or soft wares or improve the existing project or software. For example, mobile phones Company like Nokia it has to have a tester before it starts mass production. Testers help the new soft ware to fit within their current corporate system and preview new features which the consumers expect to get in the final product. Feed back is vital because about the soft is vital because it helps in determining the features to be enhanced in the final software (Paul, 2000). Field test is important because it provides an ideal way of meeting quality product and meeting all the requirements as requested by the consumers. Also it helps reduce chances of loss because a company produces according to the response they got from the consumers . If it’s software they indicate all adjustments indicating such that the final soft meets consumer needs. In addition, the field test gives peoples perception about the ability of a product or project . Issues of connectivity with the current surrounding are important. Pilot test also enables a company to know the test and preference of its consumers. A company is able to understand its consumers know what to expect from them, their likes and preferences, cultural behaviors, ethics and believes. Field test is a good idea because it helps reduce wastage of resources and time. As a result, less energy is spent improving the quality of the final product. Resources which could have been used in mass production of certain products are reduced and used after the pilot test. This helps to reduce losses which could have been incurred. A field test also creates a new opportunity. After reading the feedback companies are able to look into ideas which they consider might be vital to them some of he ideas create new opportunities which it could get if the company had not carried out a pilot test. Pilot test are important because they prepare organization and companies on what to expect when they implement the final plan. That helps the organizations to introduce strategies on how to tackle problems which they encounter because they are aware of some of the problems. Some of the obstacles found when carrying out field test are; failure to rely on the collected information because of lack of good feedback also known as standardized field sobriety testing. For example a research conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration where the purpose of the research was to provide a reliable method of determining intoxication caused by highway vehicle and the best way to reduce congestion in the highway. Another obstacle is negligence by the people by not considering g to get involved in the project. This makes it difficult for an organization to get the appropriate information regarding their program. Also negligence in terms of the consumers failing to give the appropriate information regarding their project or product. Also high pricing when doing pilot test. Many people will feel uncomfortable buying a new product at a very high cost which is just acting as a tester in the market and opt to avoid. An example is a mobile company introducing a new phone in the market and selling it at a very high cost. Also when implementing some pilot programs a lot of money is spend because some materials are given free of charge and the company end up investing a lot money in the pilot test which may not bring positive impact to the company. In order to overcome some of these obstacles, the workers of the organization are supposed to give feed back which is reliable. Reliable in terms of truth. In addition, give testers at a lesser cost to get many people getting involved in giving commends for the implantation of the final product. Also pilot tests are carried out in areas with a large population and also a population in which the product is supposed to serve. Conclusion In conclusion, pilot or field tests are very important because they act as samples for the final plan or product there for an organization is able to improve its product or plan depending on how the market responds. Also less risk are involved because this is not the final plan so finances are saved for final implementation no huge losses are incurred this are testers. Since pilot program take place before the initial launch of the final plan the organization is able to provide ways of solving problems which they predict may occur and provide means of minimizing those problems.

Bottle Rockets :: essays research papers

A rocket in its simplest form is a chamber enclosing a gas under pressure. A small opening at one end of the chamber allows the gas to escape, and in doing so provides a thrust that propels the rocket in the opposite direction. Newton’s laws can be used to explain this his laws in the simplest terms can be explained like this: First law- Objects at rest will stay at rest and objects in motion will stay in motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Second law- Force is equal to mass times acceleration. Third law- For every action there is always an opposite and equal reaction. For the rocket to launch it needed to be propelled by something, for our rockets we used regular air and compressed it. Upon releasing the stopper Newton’s first law went into effect which states that for something to move a force must act upon it in this case the gas moving out of the bottle. When the stopper was pulled the pressure in the bottle forced its way down, which applied the force to start the motion of the bottle. His 3rd law can also explain this because the water going down forces the rocket in the exact opposite direction the water goes. Which is why one time when we shot the rocket it flew at an angle. Also it shows why the launchers had stoppers, because if they didn’t the cork wasn’t strong enough to hold that pressure and would cause the rocket to begin flight prematurely. His second law can be used to describe how high and fast the rocket will go. If you wanted it to go really high and fast you would just pump more pressure into it then if you didn’t want it to go that high. You can determine how much force is needed by multiplying the mass by the acceleration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our rocket was fairly decent the only problems were that the wings were not completely stable. Our egg survived in the capsule we built and one other egg even survived with out being in a capsule at all.

Global Warming Assignment “Summary” Essay

Global warming what is it? Global warming refers to an average increase in theEarth’s temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. So what’s the big deal you  ask? Well the big deal is, if temperatures rise above normal levels for a few days, it’s no big deal, the Earth will stay more or less the same, but if temperatures continue to rise over a longer period of time, then the Earth may experience some serious problems! What causes global warming? The Earth’s atmosphere contains gases that naturally help to hold in heat, these natural Greenhouse gases keep our atmosphere warm  long after the sun has set and absorb the Sun’s heat during the day, keeping thetemperature from getting to high. Over the past 100 years, humans have altered the  chemical composition of the earth’s atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases,therefore resulting in Global Warming. Why are greenhouse gas concentrations  increasing? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrous oxide. Certain human activities, add to the levels of most of these  naturally occurring gases. Carbon dioxide is released when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil,natural gas, and coal), and wood are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills and the raising of livestock. Finally Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities. What are some of the effects, due to global warming? Surface temperatures have increased 1.0 °C-3 °C since the late 19th century. The 20th century’s 10  warmest years  have all occurred in the last 15 years of the century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about one percent and globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Global warming has also decreased snow cover in the northern hemisphere,and melted glaciers. Changing regional climate could alter crops yields, water supplies,and forests. It could also affect the health of ecosystems, animals and even humans.

Why I must Be Careful

As I sit and type, while I can think of a million reasons why I need to be more careful and not speed, there are two reasons that seem to stick out at the top of my head. The first reason is, I need to be more careful because I could cause harm to myself and second, and more importantly, to someone else. Causing harm to me can lead to a whole lot of heartache for my family. It would further prove that everything my Mom and Dad were telling me is no joke. They love me and want me to grow up to become a functional and successful young man in today’s society.Causing harm to someone else could also lead to a lot of heartache for my family as well as someone else’s family. It could also lead to death. Speeding is defined as â€Å"exceeding the posted speed limit, driving too fast for conditions, or racing† and is a dangerous driving behavior. Despite progress in other areas, such as increased seat belt usage and fewer drunken driving deaths, speeding continues to be a major factor in about one-third of traffic fatalities.Speeding is an offense that’s not only dangerous to the one committing the crime, but also to all those that are surrounding the offender. There are signs posted on the side of the road for a reason. They control the traffic flow and keep accidents to a minimum. Going over these regulated speed zones is dangerous because if there is an obstacle that suddenly appears and you’re going too fast to avoid it then that is an equation for disaster. You could damage your vehicle or worse, harm yourself or somebody else.To help enforce the speeding laws the police department assigns districts to the policemen and women to help catch and correct people who end up trying to break the law whether it be intentional or not. Speeding is a crime that when it is being broken is dangerous to more than one party. That may be the reason why it’s taken so seriously and is enforced at a higher degree. When driving an automobile t here are more problems than just going over the speed limit. There are wide varieties of situations that you must be aware of before you get behind the wheel of a vehicle.You must not only be cautious of yourself but also everyone who occupies the roadways. You never know what can happen. There are too many uncertainties when it comes to the mixing of different people and their vehicles. You never know what kind of obstacles you will be faced with when you enter a public roadway. To help compensate for these uncertainties one must take extreme caution. Always be aware of your surroundings at all times. You must learn to keep your head on a swivel and eyes always on the road. When driving through any type of speed zone you should be extremely precautious.Especially in a school zone, due to children going and leaving school as well as all cars that could possibly be lined up waiting to pick up and drop off their children. When it comes to yours and others safety you must take as many precautions as necessary to keep everyone safe. If you were to ask the average American to recite the speed limits that are placed on the various types of roads such as freeways, back roads, residential streets, you would be surprised to discover how many can’t answer this seemingly simple question.There are many factors that are often overlooked, but there are cases when drivers get caught speeding. The quickest route from point A to point B is a straight line but while driving a vehicle that is rarely an available path. So to make up for that some people, even I decide to speed. But with speeding come a lot of risks and dangers. Drivers usually speed because they are in a rush, they are not paying attention to their driving, and they do not think the laws applies to them, they do not think their driving is dangerous, or they just don’t think they will get caught speeding.This is ugly, but it is the truth. No matter the excuse speeding is still against the law, so if you’re caught speeding, like I was, then you will be punished accordingly. In my case I was caught doing a high rate of speed. I was so far over the speed limit that it’s no longer classified as a ticket. My ticket was pushed up as a Super Speeder. A Super Speeder as a driver convicted of speeding at seventy-five miles per hour or more on a two-lane road or at eighty-five mph and above on any road of highway in the State of Georgia.I was going eighty-three mph in a fifty mph zone. When I was summoned to court I was told that even if I paid the One Hundred ninety dollar ticket, my license would still be revoked so I need to go to court and take my punishment. When I went before the judge, I displayed my extreme remorse for what I had done as well as my Mother. She even told the judge she had taken the keys and probably won’t get them back until graduation. I cannot be more grateful for the judge giving me the task of completing an essay on â€Å"Why I should Be More Careful.†I expressed my gratitude and remorse for my dastardly deed by typing this essay instead of having my license revoked, paying an extremely large ticket, or possibly going to jail. I would like to believe the judge showed me lenience because it was my first and last traffic violation as well as the innate good in me. This was an ordeal that could have been easily avoided by simply going the posted speed limit. I can honestly say that I have learned my lesson and hopefully anyone reading this essay will think twice before going over the speed limit.I have seen the error of my ways. In my mind, I subconsciously down played the dangers of speeding. I was also shocked to see the amount of people who actually speed on a regular basis. People speed on a regular basis is out of impatience. Rarely does anyone have a valid reason as to why they speed, but then again not everyone gets caught, but if you are unlucky enough to get caught then you could face a plethora of conse quences, so it’s best to keep yourself and other people safe by obeying the traffic laws and following the posted speed signs along the side of the road.In conclusion, this is my essay on why I should be more careful and why speeding is irrational and why it is just better to do the posted speed limit and obey all traffic laws. Once again, I am grateful for this opportunity to show my remorse for breaking the law and I will not speed again and I will be more careful. Thank you for taking the time to read my essay.

Xtra Credit Sudden Death Epilepsy Example

Xtra Credit Sudden Death Epilepsy Example Xtra Credit Sudden Death Epilepsy – Coursework Example Article Summary Couzin-Frankel ed the article d as â€Å"Sudden Death In Epilepsy: Researchers Finger Possible Cause† and in this article the author talks about a research that helped in identifying that shutting down of the brain stem can cause death amongst patients experiencing epilepsy. For years physicians have no idea what were the causes of sudden death amongst patients experiencing epilepsy. Sudden death is most common amongst patients who experience seizures which are quite severe in nature. The author states that it has been estimated that more than 3000 individuals who are patients of epilepsy are experiencing sudden death. The author has even reported previous studies that have identified that a patient who experiences sudden death even experienced collapse of their entire cardiorespiratory system and their brain functionality even was found to be stopped. The authors state that the researchers were not convinced with the idea that collapse of the cardiorespiratory system caused sudden death and there must be something else that was causing the failure of the system. In order to find the connection, researchers performed an experiment in which mice went through mutations of the potassium ion channel gene as well as mutations in the sodium ion channel gene and these mice were induced with seizures. The outcome of this experiment was that mice experienced depolarization of the region called brain stem and it damaged one of the most important brain tissues that was in control of the smooth functioning of breath as well as heart and this caused sudden death. Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer. Sudden Death In Epilepsy: Researchers Finger Possible Cause. Science (2015): n. pag. Web. 18 Apr. 2015.

My Over 1000000 Purchase essays

My Over 1000000 Purchase essays I have given some thought to a big purchase after I get out of college. It will probably be a new car. I have always loved Volkswagens , and I think I would like to purchase a New Beetle. I own a 1961 VW Beetle, also known as a type 1. It is Cherry Red, and that is why I picked a New Beetle the same color. Through a lot of looking I have found a Cherry Red, 1998 VW New Beetle. It has 3,923 miles, power windows, locks, brakes, and tilt steering wheel. It also includes a sports pack. Which is alloy rims, rapped in 15 inch Michelins and a chrome dress up kit for the engine and exterior along with wood dress for the interior. You gain some speed with some help from a racing series transmission, from Empi motor sports. The price is $18,495, plus 6% sales tax. Taking the car to a total of $19,604. But, remember that in the state of PA it is illegal to drive without insurance on you automobile. So, I have added another $1,200 for a year of insurance. This car is rated as THE safest compact car on the road today. Provided by dual side airbags and passenger/drivers side airbags too. And with every car is a factory installed security system. With the price of insurance, sales tax, plus the purchase price, the total is a whopping $20,804. How may he buy that you say? Well, my great grandmother (god rest her soul) has left me $25,000 to do what I may with. I will only be spending a fraction of the money so, I have thought about installing a decal kit on the body along with a ground effects kit. This will take a little money. It racks up to $2,370. I have even thought about sticking a nice stereo system in it so I can rock and drive. It will probably be a Rockford system with enough speakers and amps to lift me off the ground. I think that I made a very good decision on the type of car I chose. Not only is it a very efficient car, but it is safe and secure too. With the decal kit and stereo ...

What a Main Idea Is and How to Find It

What a Main Idea Is and How to Find It Questions about the main idea of a passage are popular on reading comprehension tests, but sometimes, those questions are pretty difficult to answer, especially for students who are not completely sure they understand what the main idea really is.  Finding the main idea of a paragraph or longer passage of text is one of the most important reading skills to master, along with concepts like making an inference, finding the authors purpose, or understanding vocabulary words in context. Here are a few techniques to help understand what, exactly, is a main idea and how to identify it accurately in a passage. How to Define the Main Idea The main idea of a paragraph is the primary point or concept that the author wants to communicate to the readers about the topic. Hence, in a paragraph, when the main idea is stated directly, it is expressed in what is called the topic sentence. It gives the overarching idea of what the paragraph is about and is supported by the details in subsequent sentences in the paragraph. In a multi-paragraph article, the main idea is expressed in the thesis statement, which is then supported by individual smaller points. Think of the main idea as a brief but all-encompassing summary. It covers everything the paragraph talks about in a general way, but does not include the specifics. Those details will come in later sentences or paragraphs and add nuance and context; the main idea will need those details to support its argument. For example, imagine a paper discussing the causes of World War I. One paragraph might be dedicated to the role that imperialism played in the conflict. The main idea of this paragraph might be something like: Constant competition for massive empires led to increasing tensions in Europe that eventually erupted into World War I. The rest of the paragraph might explore what those specific tensions were, who was involved, and why the countries were seeking empires, but the main idea just introduces the overarching argument of the section. When an author does not state the main idea directly,  it should still be implied, and is called an implied main idea. This requires that the reader look closely at the content- at specific words, sentences, images that are used and repeated- to deduce what the author is communicating. How to Find the Main Idea Finding the main idea is critical to understanding what you are reading. It helps the details make sense and have relevance, and provides a framework for remembering the content. Try these specific tips to pinpoint the main idea of a passage. 1) Identify the Topic Read the passage through completely, then try to identify the topic. Who or what is the paragraph about? This part is just figuring out a topic like cause of World War I or new hearing devices; dont worry yet about deciding what argument the passage is making about this topic. 2) Summarize the Passage After reading the passage thoroughly, summarize it in your own words in one sentence. Pretend you have just ten to twelve words to tell someone what the passage is about- what would you say? 3) Look at the First and Last Sentences of the Passage Authors often put the main idea in or near either the first or last sentence of the paragraph or article, so isolate those sentences to see if they make sense as the overarching theme of the passage. Be careful: sometimes the author will use words like but, however,  in contrast, nevertheless, etc. that indicate that the second sentence is actually the main idea. If you see one of these words that negate or qualify the first sentence, that is a clue that the second sentence is the main idea. 4) Look for Repetition of Ideas If you read through a paragraph and you have no idea how to summarize it because there is so much information, start looking for repeated words, phrases, or related ideas. Read this example paragraph: A new hearing device uses a magnet to hold the detachable sound-processing portion in place. Like other aids, it converts sound into vibrations, but it is unique in that it can transmit the vibrations directly to the magnet and then to the inner ear. This produces a clearer sound. The new device will not help all hearing-impaired people- only those with a hearing loss caused by infection or some other problem in the middle ear. It will probably help no more than 20 percent of all people with hearing problems. Those people who have persistent ear infections, however, should find relief and restored hearing with the new device. What does this paragraph consistently talk about? A new hearing device. What is it trying to convey? A new hearing device is now available for some, but not all, hearing-impaired people. Thats the main idea! Avoid Main Idea Mistakes Choosing a main idea from a set of answer choices is different than composing a main idea on your own. Writers of multiple choice tests  are often tricky and will give you distractor questions that sound much like the real answer. By reading the passage thoroughly, using your skills, and identifying the main idea on your own, though, you can avoid making these 3 common mistakes: selecting an answer that is too narrow in scope; selecting an answer that is too broad; or selecting an answer that is complex but contrary to the main idea.   Resources and Further Reading How to Find a Stated Main IdeaHow to Find an Implied  Main IdeaFinding the Main Idea PracticeFinding Main Ideas In Paragraphs,  http://english.glendale.cc.ca.us/topic.htmlFinding the Main Idea, Columbia College Updated by Amanda Prahl

Importance of Becoming a Learning Organisation Essay

Importance of Becoming a Learning Organisation - Essay Example â€Å"A learning company is an organization that facilitates the learning of all its members and consciously transforms itself and its context†. (Pedler et al., 1991, cited in Pedler, 1995: 21) One of the implications of his statement is that a learning organization should focus on the â€Å"continuous learning and the development of potential† (Pedler, 1995: 21) not limited in just senior management but also in all employees within the company, and in the business partners of the company such to satisfy stakeholders’ needs. Senge (1990: 3) has the similar viewpoints on the continuous process of organizational transformation, which he defines learning organization as: â€Å"where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together.† Braham (1995) also has a similar view which organizations are responsible for ensuring that learning is not hindered and to promote lifelong learning to everyone in the organizations. Such standpoints are also supported by Dixon (1994), cited in Pedler and Aspinwall (1998: 16), that she comments a learning organization makes â€Å"Intentional use of learning processes at the individual, group and system level to continuously transform the organization in a direction that is increasingly satisfying to stakeholders.†

Community Needs Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Community Needs Assessment - Research Paper Example The work of Maninno et al. (2002) has recognized that asthma is a major cause of school and work days losses in America since the 1980s. Maninno et al. (2002) found that between 1980 and 1996, the prevalence of lifetime asthma has increased in the United States. Related with this, the study of Manino et al. (2002) reported that school days and work man-days losses due to asthma have also increased. This needs assessment focused on the problem of asthma in South Bronx because this analyst believe that asthma is most likely a serious problem in the community given the reputation of South Bronx with regard to the family income of its residents. In addition to the usual objectives of needs assessment, the needs assessment was designed to develop insights on how a health program focused on asthma can best be developed for South Bronx. Thus, the author was keen on drawing data helpful to producing insights in that direction. To produce the community needs assessment, the author reviewed do cuments, news reports, and gathered a documented testimony from at least one community leader. South Bronx is a community populated by low-income minority families in New York City. Figure 1 shows New York City on the left panel and South Bronx on the right panel. South Bronx is composed of localities labeled with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 on the right panel and colored yellow. The entire Bronx (colored as peach and yellow) on the right panel is the peach colored area in left panel. According to the Lehman College that is located in the Bronx area, census data indicate that the Bronx had a population of 1.4 million people as of 2008. A significant part of this population resides in South Bronx. Unfortunately, according to the college, around 30% of the South Bronx population refuse to categorize themselves into a racial category. The Lehman College pointed out that although South Bronx is described as a low-income community, there is a section

Civil Society in Malaysia and Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civil Society in Malaysia and Thailand - Essay Example The salient nature of the civil society is exemplified when the Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak announced that the Malaysian government was finally going to repeal the draconian Internal Security Act (ISA), sometime in 2013, since the civil society in Malaysia had been agitating for this. It is for this reason that the cause of the civil society is seen as indispensable in reference to Malaysia and Thailand, as shall be seen in the ensuing discussion. Thesis statement Although the significance of the civil society spans socioeconomic and political values, yet the presence and success of civil society activism are totally predicated upon the prevailing political environment, as shall be seen in the case of Malaysia and Thailand. Evaluating the effectiveness of civil society in Southeast Asia The case of the civil society in Southeast Asia has been seen to be relatively successful, as far as both Thailand and Malaysia are concerned. This is particularly the case with the democrati zation of politics. In Thailand, the implementation of the new constitution in 1997 paved way for more robust participation in the Thailand politics by the civil society. It is for this reason that since 1997, the country has witnessed a steady rise in the recognition of civil liberties and freedoms such as freedom of speech, press, and association (Liow, 178). In Malaysia, the presence and activity of the civil society have also been vibrant, but as late as 2008. One of the testaments to the success of the civil society in Malaysia is the rising level of public awareness and participation on governance, following the country’s 12th elections which were held on March 2008. This development can be considered a success since one of the roles of the civil society is conscientious the people on the need to participate in political processes. BERSIH 2.0, BERSIH 3.0 and Himpunan Hijau are some of the proofs that underscore the success and vibrant initiatives of the civil society in Malaysia. These incidents are significant since they show that the Malaysians are departing from politically retrogressive ideas such as tidak apa and tidak tahu. Where and when civil society has been most effective, least effective and how the differences can be account for The differences in the degree of effectiveness of the civil society can be said to be occasioned by political developments which have been state-specific. In particular, the fruits attributable to the civil society in Thailand cannot be expected to be as ripe as those of mature democracies since it is only as recent as 1973 when Thailand instituted reforms as a way of inculcating accountability, transparency and good governance. The place of the civil society’s effectiveness rests also on the goodwill that Thailand’s political leaders possess. Specifically, Thailand’s civil society has since 2001 enjoyed the support of the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.

Young People and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Young People and Politics - Essay Example With respect to the second one, the electoral numbers of young people is indicative of a comprehensive dissatisfaction that is upsetting the overall British political scenario. The level of non-voting with all qualified adults is in stable decrease for local, common as well as European legislative body voting, and there are deteriorating levels of hope normally within British political establishments, representatives and procedures (Wattenberg, 2011, p. 31). These improvements have brought a few to talk about there being a catastrophe of legality that should be met by plans to boost nationality as well as prompt a strengthened egalitarian society. The Government’s plan of legal alteration tries to deal with these concerns regarding nationality and involvement in egalitarian dealings. In a different place, the financial as well as communal research committee has set up a particular research agenda on parliamentary government and contribution to look into such issues. In additio n, the Crick Report thinks about the systems by which young people may expand a commitment with the political procedure, and recommends bringing in constitutional nationality courses into teaching at educational institutions (Buckingham, 2000, p. 42). This paper deals with these issues with respect to young people, and adds to the hypothetical perceptive of political involvement within Britain. Besides, it reviews the growth of innovative proposals planned to make the administrative structure more responsive to youth issues and additionally flexible to support youth involvement within democratic dealings. It is claimed that mutually, these will facilitate to set in the perception that young people have a chance in society in addition to a responsibility to â€Å"play as full citizens† (Henderson et al, 2010, p. 88). There is rising apprehension between government circles that young people are turning more and more detached from politics as well as the egalitarian structure. C ontemporary opinion is that this improvement â€Å"calls into question the legitimacy of the political system itself† (Fahmy, 2006, p. 21) and that it is as well causing the rise of a disappointed as well as reckless youth generation. This is exemplified by their obvious reluctance to follow the regulation, to act by the set of laws, or to provide financial support for the requirements of others. Surely, the pace of voting turnout with young people during latest elections has pursued a stable descending tendency. During the earlier nationwide voting of 2002, merely 59 percent of 18 years to 24 years olds voted in comparison with a common turnout of 82.1 percent. Recently, the second figure was 71 percent, the smallest ballot from the war, with merely 65 percent of an approximate turnout rate for 18 years to 24 years olds of 68 percent (Fahmy, 2006, p. 21). On the other hand, a number of studies have recommended that whereas young people may be less concerned in official polit ics as compared to other (elder) age groups, this sort of a growth is not necessarily predictable, and nor does it hint at a lack of concern in politics as such. Instead, a number of authors have revealed that young people are apprehensive with reference to issues that are political in nature, but that these apprehensions stay further than the limits of how politics is traditionally recognized. As a result, several studies have revealed that this faction do have a high rate of involvement in different types of charitable as well as campaigning movement - the outcomes of which were projected to attain various political as well as communal alteration - without taking into account this step as essentially political. In addition, young people

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 36

History - Essay Example Hence, this admirable character enhances the effectiveness of the results in activities Germans engage in. Hence, Germans are viewed as thinkers while Americans are action oriented (Nees). Germans often pass as individuals who do not have a â€Å"can-do† attitude. In this case, they tend to take caution when approaching issues and accept that there are some challenging situations. Therefore, Americans view this as a typical negative attitude in Germans since Americans believe everything is possible. In fact, Americans instill the â€Å"everything is possible† attitude to their children when young. Case in point, any American child would say that they would want to become anything in life, even being the president of the United States. However, the cautious character in Germans is admirable since it represents practicality in life although Americans associate it as with a lack of creativity amongst the Germans (Nees). Germans’ listening style during communication is very different from the Americans. In this regard, Germans listen keenly to a conversation waiting for pauses in order to respond. On the other hand, Americans tend to nod, gesture, or even make a comment when the other party is talking during a conversation. Therefore, Americans stereotypically view the Germans’ listening style wondering whether they listening to a conversation. However, the Germans’ listening style is crucial since they pay attention to every detail put forward in a conversation and hence put forward a calculated response (Nees). It is evident from the foregoing discussion that Americans and other nationalities may view some characters in Germans stereotypically. However, some of these characteristics viewed stereotypically are admirable and can be a learning lesson not only to Americans but also to other nationalities. Overall, it is part

Young People and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Young People and Politics - Essay Example With respect to the second one, the electoral numbers of young people is indicative of a comprehensive dissatisfaction that is upsetting the overall British political scenario. The level of non-voting with all qualified adults is in stable decrease for local, common as well as European legislative body voting, and there are deteriorating levels of hope normally within British political establishments, representatives and procedures (Wattenberg, 2011, p. 31). These improvements have brought a few to talk about there being a catastrophe of legality that should be met by plans to boost nationality as well as prompt a strengthened egalitarian society. The Government’s plan of legal alteration tries to deal with these concerns regarding nationality and involvement in egalitarian dealings. In a different place, the financial as well as communal research committee has set up a particular research agenda on parliamentary government and contribution to look into such issues. In additio n, the Crick Report thinks about the systems by which young people may expand a commitment with the political procedure, and recommends bringing in constitutional nationality courses into teaching at educational institutions (Buckingham, 2000, p. 42). This paper deals with these issues with respect to young people, and adds to the hypothetical perceptive of political involvement within Britain. Besides, it reviews the growth of innovative proposals planned to make the administrative structure more responsive to youth issues and additionally flexible to support youth involvement within democratic dealings. It is claimed that mutually, these will facilitate to set in the perception that young people have a chance in society in addition to a responsibility to â€Å"play as full citizens† (Henderson et al, 2010, p. 88). There is rising apprehension between government circles that young people are turning more and more detached from politics as well as the egalitarian structure. C ontemporary opinion is that this improvement â€Å"calls into question the legitimacy of the political system itself† (Fahmy, 2006, p. 21) and that it is as well causing the rise of a disappointed as well as reckless youth generation. This is exemplified by their obvious reluctance to follow the regulation, to act by the set of laws, or to provide financial support for the requirements of others. Surely, the pace of voting turnout with young people during latest elections has pursued a stable descending tendency. During the earlier nationwide voting of 2002, merely 59 percent of 18 years to 24 years olds voted in comparison with a common turnout of 82.1 percent. Recently, the second figure was 71 percent, the smallest ballot from the war, with merely 65 percent of an approximate turnout rate for 18 years to 24 years olds of 68 percent (Fahmy, 2006, p. 21). On the other hand, a number of studies have recommended that whereas young people may be less concerned in official polit ics as compared to other (elder) age groups, this sort of a growth is not necessarily predictable, and nor does it hint at a lack of concern in politics as such. Instead, a number of authors have revealed that young people are apprehensive with reference to issues that are political in nature, but that these apprehensions stay further than the limits of how politics is traditionally recognized. As a result, several studies have revealed that this faction do have a high rate of involvement in different types of charitable as well as campaigning movement - the outcomes of which were projected to attain various political as well as communal alteration - without taking into account this step as essentially political. In addition, young people

Should immigration rights be stricter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should immigration rights be stricter - Essay Example People from all over the world migrating to the host country introduce their own cultural aspects into the host society. Immigrants are one reason why language has changed in dialect and variety in many countries over the decades, that have been some of the top destinations for immigrants e.g. the UK, the USA, Australia, and Canada. It cannot be generalized or established that the effect of this change in culture of the host country is good or bad; in some ways it is good whereas in other ways it is bad. It also depends upon the interests of the institutions or organizations conducting the analysis. For example, when a country has a predominantly Christian population, people might encourage the enforcement of stricter immigrant rights particularly for the illegal immigrants; â€Å"Illegal immigration is the antithesis of Christianity†¦It’s a gross mischaracterization of Christianity to apply it to tolerating the mass lawlessness, death and damages involved in illegal imm igration† (Gheen cited in Piccalo) whereas film industry would have the opposite stance because the greater the variety of cultures in the society, the more vibrant the ideas and the more rampant the resources. Immigrants have a tendency to utilize all resources of the host culture, but not blend into the host culture in a way that makes them compromise their original values (â€Å"The truth about†). Many immigrants coming from predominantly Hindu or Muslim countries with conservative values tend to maintain their unique identity even as they start living in the western culture. This comes as a hurdle in their social integration. It not only makes them vulnerable to racism, but also increases their tendency to engage in the acts of racism consciously or unconsciously while socializing with the people of the host country. The immigrants prefer to retain their original values not necessarily because they have lived with those values all

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example for Free

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Love is one of the most immense feelings a human can experience. Love is a deep tender feeling of affection and attachment and devotion to another person. Countless people experience love, both, as non-romantic with their families and romantic love with a special person who comes into their life. When people are on the expedition for love, people may become blindsided by infatuation or what is commonly referred to as lust. Infatuation is being completely carried away by a foolish or shallow affection. Individuals can accept infatuation instead of love, or they cannot tell the difference between the two. One of the many themes in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is love vs. infatuation. Love is stronger, no matter what the circumstance may be. The play A Midsummer Night’s Dream investigates and portrays the intricate relationships among three couples. The relationships become jumbled up and turn into a love triangle. The first couple introduced in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is Lysander and Hermia. Lysander and Hermia truly symbolize the wholesome meaning of romantic love. Their love is exceedingly strong, which makes the lovers inseparable. The play does a wonderful job of showing the concrete stages of their relationship. One example is why Hermia’s love is strong, is that she listens to her father, Egeus, but then makes her own decision, based on her own feelings and not those of her family or society, to commit to Lysander. In the play, Hermia’s father wants her to marry Demetrius and not Lysander. Hermia also went against Theseus, the Duke of Athens, and defied the ancient law of Athens, by choosing to continue her bond with Lysander even though it might mean her death or lifelong chastity. Love is stronger than infatuation, because it means two people making a long term commitment to each other, which does not happen in infatuation. An example of this is when Hermia and Lysander run away together to the forest where they do not know what awaits them. They are putting their trust and faith into each other: †¦If thou lovest me then Steal forth thy father’s house tomorrow night. And in the woods a league without the town- Where I did meet thee once with Helena To do observance to a morn of May- There will I stay for thee. (1.1.163-168) Love is also stronger than infatuation, because it means respecting a person, whereas infatuation is only pleasing yourself. Lysander showed his love and respect of Hermia by not sleeping near her at the river bank, at the edge of the forest even though he wanted to. While love can also have some elements of infatuation such as physical attraction, love is a deeper emotion where a person cares about the reputation of their loved one, and would not harm it. However, with infatuation, a person only wants instant pleasure and does not care about the long term harm it may cause. While love is a very strong bond, there can be cracks in love’s foundation, which may temporarily cause a breach. We see this when Lysander receives the magic potion from Puck, and becomes temporarily infatuated with Helena, and carried away by an unreasonable desire for another woman other than the one he truly loves, if he were not under the spell of infatuation. When the infatuation is lifted, Lysander understands his foolishness, and immediately goes back to Hermia. At the end of the play, Egeus and Theseus realize that Lysander and Hermia are truly in love, strongly committed to each other, and not just infatuated, and give their blessings for the marriage. The second couple is Helena and Demetrius. Demetrius had Egeus’ blessing for Hermia’s hand in marriage, but Hermia rejected Demetrius because of her love for Lysander. As can be seen in Demetrius actions, infatuation can often be just one sided, where the stronger bond of love must be two sided. While Demetrius believed he loved Hermia, he was willing to stalk her in the forest, and try to take her away from Lysander, even though she did not return Demetrius’ love. This is only infatuation on Demetrius’ part, and not a mature love. Demetrius is only concerned about getting what he wants, and pleasing himself, and does not take into account the feelings, hopes or desires of Hermia. Helena, who was Hermia’s best friend, betrays her friend because of Helena’s one-sided and obsessive infatuation for Demetrius. Infatuation can make a person do terrible things both to themselves and to their friends. An example of this is when Hermia asks Helena not to tell of Hermia’s plan to escape to the forest with Lysander, but Helena goes against her longtime friend simply so she can look better in the eyes of Demetrius: I will go tell him of fair Hermias flight: Then to the wood will he to-morrow night Pursue her; and for this intelligence If I have thanks, it is a dear expense: But herein mean I to enrich my pain, To have his sight thither and back again. (1.1.143-152) Even though Demetrius makes cruel insults to Helena, she does not listen to him, and misguidedly continues to have an unreasonable belief that Demetrius will come to love her, and follows him into the forest. This feeling that Helena has is not true faithful love, but an obsessive infatuation which causes her to lie and betray her lifelong friend and herself, all over a man who is a womanizer and has no feelings for Helena. In Helena’s case she only sees Demetrius as what she wants him to be like, and not his real self. Therefore, in that sense, infatuation can be stronger than love because it can make a person not see the reality about another, but only what that person wants to see. It can temporarily destroy common sense. By a trick, and not Demetrius’ own true feelings, a potion causes him to love Helena, and they eventually marry. However, this is not true love because there is no selflessness by either, and no solid partnership, their feelings are all due to sorcerery. Infatuation is usually never very long lasting, and we know that if the love potion does finally wear off it is doubtful that Helena and Demetrius will continue to be happy with each other. However, on the other hand infatuation can lead to love over time, as each person really gets to know the other and accept each other for the person they really are, flaws and all. For Helena and Demetrius, the long term future of their relationship is left to the reader’s imagination, and is never answered. The last couple is Titania, the fairy queen, and Bottom. Titania is already married to Oberon, the king of the fairies. Oberon wants Titania’s ward, who is a changeling Indian boy, and Titania does not want to give the boy to Oberon. Oberon uses his assistant to apply a magic flower juice to Titania as both a joke and punishment for her failure to do what Oberon wants. This causes Titania to fall in love with the first thing she sees, which is Bottom, a craftsman, who has been changed into an ass by a mischievous fairy named Puck. Titania shows unrestrained passion for Bottom, and therefore he goes with her to the fairy land without even knowing who she is. This is infatuation because it causes both Titania and Bottom to be carried away by intense emotion, and do something they would not normally do. This illustrates that in the short term, infatuation seems to be stronger than love, because a person does things in the heat of the moment to gratify their own pleasure without consideration to the long term effects, to either themselves or to others. However, when the spell of infatuation wears off, the intense feelings of what a person thought was love is totally gone, and feelings of embarrassment and regret usually take their place. Therefore, infatuation is not really stronger than love. We see this illustrated when Oberon tells Titania she is under the spell of the love-in-idleness flower. Titania realizes the love is phony and accepts to Oberon’s offer that if she gives up the Indian boy, Oberon will liberate the magic flowers enchantment: When I had at my pleasure taunted her And she in mild terms beggd my patience, I then did ask of her her changeling child; Which straight she gave me, and her fairy sent To bear him to my bower in fairy land. And now I have the boy, I will undo (4.1.55-60) Also as to the relationship between Oberon and Titania, it is questionable that Oberon really loves Titania. Oberon was willing to harm her and their relationship, by using her to get a possession that he wanted. Love is a strong faith in your partner, and a willingness to make sacrifices for the good of the relationship. Oberon did not have faith in Titania, and felt justified in imposing his own will over hers. However, love is not always smooth, and it means accepting a person for their flaws. Both Oberon and Titania are aware of the flaws of each other, but stay together as a couple, showing that love is a stronger emotion than infatuation. Love, and not infatuation, is the strongest emotion in A Midsummer Night’s Dream because it enriches several of the couple’s lives and has the potential to make them happy on a long term basis. Love is a connection to another person that is made up of friendship and respect and is nourishing to both. This is shown by Hermia and Lysander’s relationship. However, love must be worked at, and it is a promise that can be broken. We see that even with a strong love, Lysander could fall under the spell of infatuation and temporarily turn away from Hermia, or that Oberon could play a mean trick on Titania. While infatuation is not bad, it is usually not enduring like love. It is based on idealizing someone, rather than seeing the real person, flaws and all. In Titania’s case, under the spell of infatuation she was blind to reality, and she was passionate for Bottom, even though he looked like a donkey. Infatuation makes one physically happy but not emotionally happy; therefore it is a lesser emotion than love. We see with all the couples that they have fun with their sexuality and passion, when they are under the spell of infatuation, but except for Helena and Demetrius, they all finally wake from it, and see that it was only shallow and temporary and made them act foolishly. Therefore, while infatuation is very strong and can make a sensible person put aside their common sense, infatuation will lose its grip on a person given time. Love on the other hand, has the potential to last forever if it is worked at, and simply makes a couple both emotionally and physical happy.

Risk Management in Childcare Services

Risk Management in Childcare Services Adults are faced with a dilemma: on the one hand, children need opportunity to become competent risk managers; on the other, adults have the responsibility to keep them safe. Critically assess whether this dilemma can be managed within the delivery of services for children. Risk management has become a high concern in childcare services. Increasing changes in policies and procedures to ensure that risks are minimized have resulted into children not been given the same opportunities that we would have had as a child when we were growing up. Over recent years increasing attention has been focused on childcare services to reduce risk and ensure children are kept safe from danger. In this assessment I hope to identify what is risk and looking at how society has changed over the years. I will look at both the dilemmas faced by both parents and children’s services, looking at the how anxiety has changed the thinking of risk management. The subject of risk management is causing great concern in the children’s services. Practitioners face the dilemma of given children opportunities to explore while at the same time ensuring that they are safe. When looking at risk we have to consider what is a risk? We face risks in everyday life from the moment we get up. When heading to work either in the car or walking it is a risk as we may have a car accident or get knocked down. Children from the moment of birth face risk when growing up. A baby may choke on their bottle or a toddler may fall when taking their first steps. The severity of the risk depends on the consequence. In our current society parents have become more anxious when allowing the children to explore and learn about risks. Today’s generation have moved from allowing children the opportunity to experience risk to the extreme where children are protected from risks by not allowing them to have the same challenges and opportunities we would have had at a young age. Stover et al., 2013 evaluates asome very valid reason to why this may have come about. It has looked at how parents have become more anxious on where there child plays or goes and the quality of freedom they have, ensuring they are safe from risk and harm. Over resent years it can be seen how attitudes have changed and children are spending more time under adult supervision play area, non- risk environments or indoors in what is seen as safe and secure, replacing adventures play. Children’s play has moved from the positive play also known as risk play where children developed motor skills, control through physical rick, learn new skills and develop confidence. When looking at comments made during learning guide 13.4 discussing wherediscussing where we played at 11 years of age it can be seen that we were given as children were given more freedom and parents did not have the same concerns about risks as they do today. With growing up in the country side it was normal to take risks and was seen as a safe place for children to develop to their full practical skills. We were rarely questioned about where we played, but rather we had more fears of being caught by our parents and getting in trouble. When looking back on my childhood and growing up with my six siblings, I can also state that we did not have any serious accidents due to the risk play rather than the normal bumps or bruises that every child faces. In today’s society attuides have changed due to growing changes and trends in young children today. They are not allowed to explore the fields or visit friends without adult supervision. It can be even said that children today are not as outgoing and street wiseh but rather spend more time playing with the latest technology or game. Modern technology such as internet and influence of media has escalating fears in parents and therefore made them more curious or is it simply of the mistakes we learned as a child and we are being over proactive? Furedi’s (2001) work on paranoid parenting cited in Gladwin and Collins 2008 cover issues on how these changes result from parents lacking the confidence and rather than set boundaries being their child’s best friend. Are we as parents protecting or children or is it our own fears we have of them facing risks. It can be critically argued that yes while parents are seen to lack confidence in today’s society parents are under a lot more pressure with keeping up with media and how children are exposed today to media trends e.g. Through social media, Facebook, mobile phones. When I was growing my time was spend outdoor with friends creating our own play. It was also taken to my attention the article by Stover et al., 2013 (2013) on how parental responsibility has changed from children not having freedom to protect them from risk, but also society has changed to where children today are seen as ‘human capital’. Children are not given the opportunity to play but rather institutionalising children to education. It can be critically argued that while yes this has been seen over recent years but it has changed around again, that while education is an important aspect of live studies has shown that children need play and the value of play is the developmental stone for lifelong learning. Piaget cited in Springate and Foley (2008) research has an important conclusiontusion to this as he believes that not only the play is important but involving children in risks contributes to a child’s development. As citied in Maynard (2007) ‘Encounters with forest school and Foucault article learning guide 13.3 shows how two different approaches on risk taken in play. When looking at the forest schools created by McMillians Sister and the video clip 2 on Risk both using a ‘hands off approach allows children the freedom of play and learning to risk manage. Children on the video also have the responsibility of looking after their own health and well-being. Comparing this to our schools today while there has been develops on the importance of play in the child’s development and through the Plowden Report cited in Springate and Foley (2008) we have changed to a play based curriculum like Foucault suggests in learning guide 13.3, teachers still focus on the sense that we must keep our children safe from harm. In my own setting yes we use the hands off approach but will interveneal before a children comes to risk for example when on balancing beams and unsteady we will help rathe r than allowing the child the risk of falling. While Foucault suggests that teachers like to keep power and maintain control through not being allowed to take part in risks and adventures play I have to critically disagree. As an early years leader I feel that it’s not being in control but rather the pressures we have to follow. We are protecting or children from risk and not allowing them the freedom due to the extreme pressures put in place from â€Å"the social care trust regulations (2012) coming from the Children Order (1995) and it could be said we are keep ourselves safe. Like Power (2004) cited in Gladwin and Collins (2008) states it the uncertainty of known what is right and wrong. As practitioners we carry out risk assignments on a daily basis however we still are responsible if something goes wrong. In my own setting children are be given the opportunity in the outdoor area were we have adventurouses play. We have having types of challenges where children can climb and learn how to be safe. Children make mud pies and have learned that it’s important to wash our hand after so they don’t become ill. We have had no serious injuries beyond the usual bumps and bruises which we would expect with any young child. While we do allow this type of play children are limited to the extent of risk play we can provide. We are located beside a lovely glen where the river runs alongside the playgroup, we are unable to have logs untreated in case of infection or children being able to stand on steps to see the river in case they fall. I feel that this is a shame as it limits their ability to explore and learn thorough the natural environment. Unfortunately due to the minimum standards (2012) and regulations we are unable to experience the adventures play in our local woodland where children can experience climbing trees and explore in the natural environment. This is seen as a high risk to children and the safe ratio is seen as too low. I have to critically disagree as it is a rural area and it’s a safe environment but children are being neglected from the experience like the forest schools these risks gain where children learn about keeping safe through the natural environment. It also defines the legal framework of the UNCRC(1989) citied in Foley (2008) where children have the right to play. As pre-school teacher we are inclined to put away the sharp edge object, not allowing children to run and ensuring that benches and tables are bleached to reduce risk. We have to ask ourselves are we preceding the children or ourselves. Do children learn from protecting them or would it not be better to turn risk into a learning experience for children? Lindon (2003) citied in Gladwin and Collins (2008) studies believes that involving children in risk allows the child to understand why we can’t do something and allows them to value the harm it can cause, giving children the values of life and making their own decisions. I feel that while this is vitally important and we should allow our children more risks again it relates back to adults protecting themselves in case of serious injuries. While we are restricted to how much risk we allow our children and have an implication on practice it can be critically argued like Power 2004 citied in Gladwin and Collins (2008) in maintained has come from failure within the health services. While Both social workerss failing the system causing deaths to children e.g. Victoria Climbie (2003) and Baby P citied in Blewett and Foley (2008) and other high profile cases, but also hospitals where deaths have accrued due to lack of services has affected the freedom of our childcare service like playgroup, after schools etc.. and what was seen as good risks have been come into the classification of putting children at danger. These high profile cases have led to government relooking at Legislation. Government published green papers â€Å"Every Child matters† (2003) Lord Laming report identified changes needed introducing the children’s Act (2004) citied Blewett and Foley (2008) in which made developed the child protection register. UNCRC give children the right to grow up in a safe environment free from abuse and neglect. In 1997 New Labour government relooked at the health services and while child protection was still and main concern it also came into play the identification of children ‘at risk’. Through the Assessment framework (DH et AL2000) citied in Blewett and Foley (2008) give more responsibility on practitioners to report any concerns on child protection issues. While this has been a break in the system for safe guarding children and has joined together multi agencies it has left increased concern for childcare services. Practitioners are worried about getting it wrong or likewise missing something. This again results to adult reducing risk to children in their care to not only protect the children but themselves. While this is the case it has been equally as important for these changes to happen as children today are more aware of what is right and wrong. Stanger danger has become a focus in child education Scott et al. (1998), cited in Gladwin and Collins, (2008), points out it is such a big worry when the objective risk is so tiny clearly demonstrates the distortions of popular risk perceptions. While this has had great impact on making children more aware the NSPCC have campaign on ‘underwear rules’ has been of great impact in terms of abuse as it also someone makes children aware that a person we know can also cause use harm. Therefore as adult we have to empowering children to speak out about abuse whenever it is within the family or by people they know and trust. In conclusion to looking at risks and what is seen as risk management it can be seen that while society today has left more concern for both parents and practitioners there has been tremendous work done in this area. While we still face the challenges of known how fear we can provide opportunity for children to be confident learner, creative and learning from their mistakes and being able to explore freely under supervision but without the direction of the adult, we have to also look at our work as practitioner. Sandseter Hansen (2012) identifies some relevant points where it is seen how practitioners look at how risk decisions are made by the adult as they are managing their own anxieties rather than the risk. Policies and procedures preducces are in place to help safeguard ourselves, but as practitioner we have to be able to define what is a safe risk and when does it become a danger. It can be seen that a lot more work is done with children through different school programmes like the school bus in learning guide 13.3 it gives children the opportunity to learn about risk taken and making the right decisions in life. As disused earlier this will help with parent’s anxieties about their children. Professionals working in partnership with other agencies and organisations will help to ensure the safe guarding of children. Bibliography Springate D Foley P (2008) ‘Play Matters’ in Collins, J and Foley P (eds), Promoting Children’s Wellbeing’ Bristol, The Policy / Milton Keynes, The Open University. Gladwin M Collins J (2008) ‘Anxieties and Risks’ in Collins, J and Foley P (eds), Promoting Children’s Wellbeing’ Bristol, The Policy / Milton Keynes, The Open University. Blewett J Foley P (2008) ‘Staying Safe’ in Collins, J and Foley P (eds), Promoting Children’s Wellbeing’ Bristol, The Policy / Milton Keynes, The Open University. KE312 Working together for children Activity 13.3 KE312 Working together for Children Video clip 2 Journals Stover, S. (2013) ‘Odd alliances:Workingtheorieson unintended consequences ofearlychildhoodeducation in Aotearoa, New Zealand’ .Australasian of Early Childhood’ vol.3, no p4-8. 5p. Available at http://www.open.ac.uk/ Sandseter, Beate E, Hansen.(2012)Restrictive Safety or Unsafe Freedom? Norwegian ECEC Practitioners Perceptions and Practices Concerning ChildrensRiskyPlay. Child Care in Practice., Vol. 18 Issue 1, p83-101. 19p. Available at http://www.open.ac.uk/ Internet http://www.nspcc.org.uk/help-and-advice/for-parents/keeping-your-child-safe/the-underwear-rule/the-underwear- Sinead Bartley (C6449275)Page 1

My Hair and I Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

My Hair and I At some point in a woman's life, she is, if like most women, unhappy with her hair. A woman with straight hair wishes for curly ringlets. A woman with curly hair wants stick-straight locks. Thick and coarse desires to be fine and thinner. Fine and thin begs for thick hair. I was one of those women. My hair has an energy, personality, and life of her own. I refer to my hair as "she" because, although by technical definition my hair is not a separate living being, and although I have no proof of her life to show others, I know that she not only grows and reproduces (two characteristics by which many measure life), but she responds to stimuli, shows emotions, and can reason. For much of my life, my hair and I were diametrically opposed in appearance, personality, and temperament. On my head is a thick mane of jet-black coarse curly hair. Each hair is muscular, with enough heft and hutzpah to hold a 5-pound dumbbell. I, in contrast, am a very petite girl with the arm strength of a gnat. My hair is wild. I am demure. My hair is boisterous, I, except occasionally, am composed. My hair is an extrovert, gaining energy from those around her. I am an introvert, preferring to curl up with a good book. For many years, I coveted anyone's hair that was anything that my hair wasn't. Despite our differences, we have come to a mutual understanding. And, now, I can say, with some confidence, that my hair and I are friends, not just forced to be together because of genetics. But I can admit this only after years of hard lessons and experience. I can't remember the day my hair and I parted ways. We used to get along when we were young! Displayed in the ponytail fountain on top of my head, she was quite cooperative.... ...at night, I loved my hair, every single strand of it. I loved her ability to be straight or curly, sleek and sexy or fun and bouncy. I found myself brushing my hands through my hair, and she cherished the affection. I bought every hair product Pamela used in my hair, hopeful I could shape my hair myself. And, although it took a few weeks to learn Pamela's styling techniques, my hair and I quickly found a rhythm. We realized we didn't have to be enemies. We experimented with dozens of different hairstyles, lengths, products, and appliances, and my hair was amused by all of them. As much as possible, I tried to enjoy her assets, and she tried to respect my needs. Of course, occasionally, my hair would turn her mood at an inopportune time, but I was no longer caught by surprise when this happened. My hair and I have happily co-existed like this for many years.

Macbeth and Shakespeare Essay

This quote â€Å"god defend me from my friends but ; from my enemies I can defend myself† means â€Å"gods help me from my friends but, I have the ability to defend myselfâ€Å". Two stories that I’ve read that support this quote are Macbeth by William Shakespeare and â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe. I definitely agree with this quote because Macbeths friends thought they were really his friends but, they were wrong. Macbeth by William Shakespeare shows literary devices and they support my opinion of this quote. One is dramatic irony and it proves this quote true for many reasons. It is true because Lady Macbeth shows betrayal against Duncan, the king of Scotland and Macbeth shows betrayal against all his friend, he was really using them and in the end he killed some of his â€Å"friends†. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth wanted to both kill Duncan all along, so they Planned it all out. Betrayal is what happened here, big time. The other literary device from the story that supports my opinion and makes this quote true is, Tradgeic Hero. Macbeth started out as a tradgeic hero and then throughout the story he also â€Å"betrays† all his friends, pretty much the same reason for the dramatic irony. He is just a great example of a tradgeic hero. The other story that supports my opinion is â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe and the quote â€Å"God defend me from my friends but, from my enemies I can defend myself†. The two literary devices used are symbol and mood. Symbol makes this quote true in this story. This is true because montresor’s coat of arms which is the snake biting the foot that is crushing it. This represents montresor getting revenge on fortunato for his supposed insult. When they both walked through the catacombs , montresor describes his coat of arms in a descriptive way. The other literary device that is used in this short story is, mood. The mood is very important in the story. It has a lot of terror and fear in the setting which connects to the mood. This mood is created because of the setting which is the cave with the bones, dampness and darkness. This set a mood that is not so inviting. These two stories both concluded the meaning of the quote. They both had friends and enemies and betrayal against one another. The setting in â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† defiantly showed how they defended themselves. This is why I agree with this quote.

Dream Children

An Analysis of Lamb’s Dream Children Or Charles Lamb as a Romanticist Charles Lamb was a famous English prose-writer and the best representative of the new form of English literature early in the nineteenth century. He did not adhere to the old rules and classic models but made the informal essay a pliable vehicle for expressing the writer’s own personality, thus bringing into English literature the personal or familiar essay. The style of Lamb is gentle, old-fashioned and irresistibly attractive, for which there is no better illustration than Dream Children: A Reverie. From the analysis of this essay we can find Lamb’s characteristic way of expression. Dream Children records the pathetic joys in the author’s unfortunate domestic life. We can see in this essay, primarily, a supreme expression of the increasing loneliness of his life. He constructed all that preliminary tableau of paternal pleasure in order to bring home to us in the most poignant way his feeling of the solitude of his existence, his sense of all that he had missed and lost in the world. The key meaning of the story shows the beauty that resides in sadness. There are remarkable writing techniques to achieve such an effect. Through the stylistic approach to Dream Children, we can see that Charles Lamb is a romanticist, seeking a free expression of his own personality and weaving romance into daily life. Without a trace of vanity of self-assertion, Lamb begins with himself, with some purely personal mood or experience, and from this he leads the reader to see life and literature as he saw it. It is this wonderful combination of personal and universal interests, together with Lamb’s rare old style, which make the essay remarkable. 1 Lexical Feature 1. Old-fashioned but elegant diction Lamb prefers to use archaic words in order to reach a certain distance between the author’s real life and his whimsies, such as: (1) and how in her youth she was esteemed the best dancer (esteemed here means admired, respected) (2) here Alice's little right foot played an involuntary movement, till, upon my looking grave, it desisted (desisted here means topped doing) (3) and how the nectarines and peaches hung upon the walls, without my ever offering to pluck them (pluck, also a poetic word, here means pick) (4) he had meditated dividing with her, and both seemed willing to relinquish them for the present as irrelevant (meditated here means thought, and relinquish means give up) 2. Repetition of the word here When regarding for beautiful things and fine actions, Lamb does not f orget to show to the readers the pictures of the children–real children until the moment when they fade away. He repeats the word here altogether eight times, to portray the children’s response. For example: (5) Here Alice put out one of her dear mother's looks (6) Here John smiled, as much as to say, â€Å"that would be foolish indeed. † With this repeating word, we can see these children almost as clearly and as tenderly as Lamb saw them. If we take the essay’s main purpose into account, we will find the more real they seem, the more touching is the revelation of the fact that they do not exist, and never have existed. Sentence Feature 2. 1 Loose structure and post-modification Generally speaking, the tone of this essay is relaxed and comfortable, which can be attributed to Lamb’s use of loose structure and post-modification. Let’s study the sentence below: (7) Children love to listen to stories about their elders, when they were children; to stretch their imagination to the conception of a traditionary great-uncle, or grandame, whom they never saw. If ap plied to daily communication, the former part of this sentence seems tediously long. However, here it gives us a sense of comfort and enjoyment, for in the essay it causes our sympathy with the author of the fondness of innocent children. Therefore, we do not feel weary. 2. 2 Cohesion Sentences in Dream Children are long, sometimes containing more than eighty words in one. The author makes them cohesive with the help of coordination, conjunctions, as well as some adverbs. For instance: (8) Then I went on to say, how religious and how good their great-grandmother Field was, how beloved and respected by everybody (Adverb then and the coordination how†¦how†¦how†¦ here function as cohesive devices. (9) but still she lived in it in a manner as if it had been her own, and kept up the dignity of the great house in a sort while she lived, which afterwards came to decay, and was nearly pulled down, and all its old ornaments stripped and carried away to the owner's other house, where they were set up, and looked as awkward as if some one were to carry away the o ld tombs they had seen lately at the Abbey, and stick them up in Lady C. ‘s tawdry gilt drawing-room. (Conjunction and here functions as a cohesive device. 3 Article Feature 3. 1 Narration enlivened by depiction of the children. As is illustrated in sentence (5) and (6), the author’s narration of the great-grandmother and his brother is enlivened by a certain depiction concerning the children. Incidentally, while preparing his ultimate solemn effect, Lamb has inspired us with a new, intensified vision of the wistful beauty of children–their imitativeness, their facile and generous emotions, their anxiety to be correct, their ingenuous haste to escape from grief into joy. This vision gives us an impression that they seem real, thus makes the revelation in the end touching and pathetic. 3. 2 Unexpected ending Dream Children begins quite simply, in a calm, narrative manner, representing Lamb as sitting by his fireside on a winter night telling stories to his own dear children, and delighting in their society, until he suddenly comes to his old, solitary, bachelor self, and finds that they were but dream-children. In the end of the essay, we read: (10) that I became in doubt which of them stood there before me, or whose that bright hair was; and while I stood gazing, both the children gradually grew fainter to my view, receding, and still receding till nothing at last but two mournful features were seen in the uttermost distance, which, without speech, strangely impressed upon me the effects of speech; â€Å"We are not of Alice, nor of thee, nor are we children at all. The children of Alice called Bartrum father. We are nothing, less than nothing, and dreams. We are only what might have been, and must wait upon the tedious shores of Lethe millions of ages before we have existence, and a name. † Reflecting upon the essay, we will surely be obsessed by the beauty of old houses and gardens and aged virtuous characters, the beauty of children, the beauty of companionships, the softening beauty of dreams in an arm-chair–all these are brought together and mingled with the grief and regret which were the origin of the mood. 4 Rhetorical devices Lamb introduces some rhetorical devices to make his essay vivid and profound, such as: (11) and how the nectarines and peaches hung upon the walls, without my ever offering to pluck them, because they were forbidden fruit, unless now and then (metaphor) (12) till I could almost fancy myself ripening too along with the oranges and the limes in that grateful warmth (empathy) Lamb’s use of Humor and Pathos in Dream Children/ Pathetic beauty presented by Lamb From 1820 through 1825 he contributed a series of essays to the  London Magazine  which were immensely popular. Though he wrote under the pseudonym Elia, these essays, like his letters, are intimate revelations of Lamb's own thoughts, emotions, and experiences of literature and life. He touches on few disturbing subjects. He prefers instead to look to the past for a sense of calm, stability, and changelessness. Yet beneath the wit, humor, and humanity of such essays as â€Å"A Dissertation upon Roast Pig,† â€Å"Witches and Other Night-Fears,† and â€Å"Dream Children,† one finds a gentle  nostalgia  and  melancholy. This bitter-sweet  tone remains the  hallmark  of Lamb's style. Bunyan once said â€Å"Some things are of that nature as to make One’s fancy chuckle while his heart doth ache†. The nature of things mostly appeared to Lamb in that way. Lamb does not frolic out of lightness of heart, but to escape from gloom that might otherwise crush. He laughed to save himself from weeping. In fact, Lamb’s personal life was of disappointments and frustrations. But instead of complaining, he looked at the tragedies of life, its miseries and worries as a humorist. Thus his essays become an admixture of beauty and pain as well as humour and pathos. Examples of his keen sense of humour and pathetic touches are scattered in all of his essays. Let’s focus our discussion on Dream Children: A Reverie. In Lamb’s  writing  wit, humour and fun are interwoven and it is humour which is most notable for its extreme sensitiveness to the true proportion of things. Lamb often brings out the two sides of a fact and causes laughter at our own previous misconceptions. Therefore it borders on the painful realization. Thus his humour is very nearly allied to pathos. They are different facets of the same gem. In his essay Dream Children: A Reverie Lamb talks of personal sorrows and joys. He gives expressions to his unfulfilled longings and desires. He readily enters into the world of fantasy and pops up stories in front of his dream children. He relates his childhood days, of Mrs. Field, his grandmother and John Lamb, his brother. He describes how fun he had at the great house and orchard in Norfolk. Of his relations he gives us full and living pictures – his brother John is James Elia of My Relations, but here is John L-, so handsome and spirited youth, and a ‘king’. John was brave, handsome and won admiration from everybody Charles’ grandmother Mrs. Field is the other living picture. She was a good natured and religions – minded lady of respectable personality. Narrator’s sweet heart Alice Winterton is the other shadowed reality. The dream children, Alice and John are mere bubbles of fancy. Thus Lamb’s nostalgic memory transports  us back to those good old days of great grandmother Field. But even in those romantic nostalgia the hard realities of life does not miss our eyes. Death, separation and suffering inject us deep-rooted pathos in our heart. Whereas Mrs. Field died of cancer, John Lamb died in early age. Ann Simmons has been a tale of unrequited love story of Charles Lamb. Notably the children are millions of ages distant of oblivion and Charles is not a married man but a  bachelor  having a reverie. In his actual life Lamb courted Ann Simmons but could not marry her, he wanted to have children but could not ha ve any. Thus he strikes a very pathetic note towards the end of his essay when he puts the following word into the mouths of his imaginary children, â€Å"we are not of Alice, nor of thee, nor are we children at all †¦ We are nothing, less than nothing, dreams. We are only what might have been†. Alice is here no other that Ann Simmons the girl Lamb wanted to marry, but failed to marry her. In fact, the subtitle of the essay – ‘A Reverie’ which literally means a daydream or a fantasy – prepares us for the pathos of the return to reality although the essay begins on a deceptively realistic note. Although Dream Children begins on a cheerful note, the dark side of life soon forces itself upon Lamb’s attention and the comic attitude gives way to melancholy at the end of the essay. Throughout the essay Lamb presents his children in such a way that we never guess that they are merely figments of his imagination – their movements, their reactions, their expressions are all realistic. It is only at the end of the essay that we realize that the entire episode with his children is a daydream. We are awakening by a painful realization of the facts. Lamb’s humour was no surface play. In fact, Lamb’s humour and pathos take different shapes in different essays. Sometimes it is due to his own unfulfilled desires, sometimes it is due to the ill-fortunes of his relatives and friends and on some other occasions it is due to his frustration in love etc. If his ‘Poor Relations’ begins humorously of a male and female poor relation, he later gives us a few pathetic examples of poor relations who had to suffer on account of poverty. Again in his ‘The Praise of Chimney Sweepers’ Lamb sways between humour and pathos while describing the chimney sweepers. Similarly the essay ‘Dream Children’  is a beautiful projection of Lamb’s feelings and desire to have a wife and children of his own. It is humorous that in his dream he is married and has two children of his own while he had a disheartening frustration in love. Thus Lamb has painted both the lights and shades of life in full circle. His is the criticism of life in pathos and humours Why is the essay entitled â€Å"Dream Children†? Ans: Charles Lamb entitled the essay â€Å"Dream Children† because he never married and naturally never became the father of any children. The children he speaks of in the essay were actually the creations of his imagination or fancy. 2. Who was Field? How does Lamb present her before his dream children? Ans: Field, pseudonym for the actual person, was Lamb’s grandmother. Lamb presents her as an ideal grandmother in an imaginary and inflated way before his â€Å"dream children†Ã¢â‚¬â€she was extremely pious, fearless and compassionate person besides being the best dancer of the area in her youth. 3. Why is the essay entitled â€Å"A Reverie†? Ans: The essay is subtitled as a ‘reverie’ because Lamb  never married and so he never had children. In the essay he created an imaginary picture of a happy conjugal life—a picture which finally dissolves into nothing as he comes back to reality. 4. How does Lamb present his brother John L—? Ans: Lamb’s elder brother, John L—in his youth was a handsome, high-spirited, strong and fearless person. He loved Lamb very much. But subsequently in his old age he became lame-footed and spent the rest of his life in utter hopelessness, irritation and pain. . Whom does Lamb refer to as â€Å"faithful Bridget† by side? Ans: Lamb had a sister, Mary Lamb, who did not marry since she had attacks of insanity. She has been referred to here as â€Å"faithful Bridget† because she never married and was Lamb’s only companion in his life. At the sudden breakdown of his reverie, he finds her s eated by his side. 6. What, according to you, is the most striking feature of the essay and why? Ans: The chief characteristic feature of the essay is the author’s mingling of pathos and humour. Lamb begins the essay in somewhat deceptive fashion, describing the incidents, full of humour. But gradually he reduces the tone towards the end describing the tragedies of his personal life. 7. How does Lamb present the autobiographical elements in the essay? Or, Why is the essay called a personal essay? Or, What type of essay is Dream Children? Ans: Dream Children is a personal essay. Lamb presents the characters and incidents from his own life—the sketches of his grandmother, Field, his brother—John Lamb, his sister—Mary Lamb, his tragic love-affairs with Ann Simmons. But Lamb is always playing with facts and fictions and transforms the real into the literary. 8. How does Lamb show his knowledge of child psychology? Ans: It is surprising that without ever having children Lamb had acute sense of how children react to the happenings in the world of the adults. By deceptively referring to the meticulous reactions of his dream children, he succeeds in catching the reader immediately. The aesthetic impact of the essay becomes more effective for this reason. 9. â€Å"†¦ till the old marble heads would seem to be live again†¦ o be turned into marble with them†Ã¢â‚¬â€Where does the expression occur? Explain the context. Ans: Lamb told his â€Å"dream children† that in his boyhood he would enjoy rambling in and around the great country house in Norfolk. He would gaze at the twelve marble busts of Caesars in such an intensely meditative way that it seemed to him after some time that those were coming back to life again, or that he w ould be himself transformed into marble with them. 10. Where does the expression â€Å"busy-idle diversion† occur? What does the author mean by this? Ans: Lamb told his â€Å"dream children† that in his boyhood he would enjoy rambling in and around the great country house in Norfolk more than the sweet fruits of the orchard. He would remain busy with this though he had no work to do. 11. â€Å"When he died though he had not been†¦ died great while ago†. Who is referred to as ‘he’? Why is he spoken of? Ans: Lamb loved his brother John L— very much. But very shortly after his death it seemed to him that death had created such an immeasurable vacuum in his life that it made impossible for him to comprehend the significance of the difference between life and death. 2. â€Å"†¦ such a distance there is betwixt life and death†Ã¢â‚¬â€Explain the significance of the line in light of the context. Ans: the immediate absence of his brother John Lamb created by his death forced Lamb to feel the gulf the difference between life and death. He understood that death created a permanent absence a s the dead cannot be restored to life. Again, death is unknowable and Lamb was forced to reflect on his brother’s absence in this way. 13. â€Å"†¦ the soul of first Alice looked out at her eyes with such reality of re-presentment that I came in doubt†Ã¢â‚¬â€Who was Alice? What does the word ‘re-presentment’ mean here? Ans: In the course of his day-dreaming when Lamb looked at his dream-daughter, her physical resemblance reminded him of his dream-girl Alice W—n, a fictitious name for Ann Simmons who did reciprocate his love. 14. â€Å"But John L—(or James Elia) was gone forever†Ã¢â‚¬â€Who was James Elia? Why does the author say this? Ans: At the end of his day-dreaming Lamb coming back to reality finds his sister (Bridget) Mary Lamb by his side; but he realises and remembers that his brother James Elia or John Lamb had died and would no more be with them. So he laments his loss thus. 5. â€Å"Here Alice put out one of her dear mother’s looks, too tender to be called upbraiding†Ã¢â‚¬â€What does the word ‘braiding’ mean here? What makes Alice react thus? Ans: While describing the great country house in Norfolk, lamb tells his â€Å"dream children† that the chimney piece of the great ha ll was decorated by the curving of the story of Robin Redbreasts. At the information  that a foolish person pulled it down, Alice’s countenance changed, which suggested that it should not have been done. The word ‘braiding’ here means castigation or censure. 16. How does Lamb record Alice’s reactions to his story-telling? Ans: While listening to Lamb’s personal tale, Alice reacts firs by spreading her hands when Lamb says how good, religious and graceful person Field had been. Alice reacts to it either in great astonishment or putting up some pious gesture. She also cries out When Lamb talks about his elder brother’s pain and death. 17. How does Lamb record John’s reactions to his story-telling? Ans: At the information of the great house being stripped off its ornaments John smiled, which suggested the foolishness of the work. He was trying to look brave and impress upon his father that he would not have been afraid of the ghosts like his father. At the end of the story, when Lamb was talking of his elder brother’s pain and death, John, like Alice, began to cry. Exercises 1. Give a pen-picture of Field. 2. How would you comment on the style of the essay? 3. â€Å"†¦ We are only what might have been, and must wait upon the tedious shores of Lethe millions of ages before we have existence and a name. †Ã¢â‚¬â€Explain the context. Or, What is the significance of the river Lethe here? Or, Why are the shores of Lethe called ‘tedious’ Or, Why should the ‘dream’ children wait for million years for their existence and name?

Personal Space

Personal space was an idea first developed by German born Swedish psychologist David Katz in 1937. It is very often describes as an â€Å"emotionally charged bubble of space which surrounds each individual† or alternately â€Å"Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when their personal space is encroached.† On the other hand, some research suggests that the personal space bubble is not circular, but elliptical and so we can tolerate people coming closer to us at the side than front or behind.The 4 stages of a person’s Personal SpaceThis is a Proxemics Theory, which had been investigated by Edward T Hall in 1959, who describes a person’s personal space to be in 4 layers;Intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm) Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)The clo sest distance is generally the domain of those who have an intimate relationship with each other, but also includes situations where the social rules allow contact, for example in a wrestling match (Edward Hall distinguishes between near situations requiring body contact and far distances which require being very close but not in contact (whispering)). This distinction is rather artificial since whether contact occurs will depend on a variety of things such as the social and physical setting.Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family membersClose phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm) Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm)This zone generally reserved for good friends or intimate partners in a social setting; the near aspect is generally reserved for couples or very close friends, whereas, the far phase is used by acquaintances or simple friends.Social distance for interactions among acquaintances Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)This is the zone where those who are not acquainted interact or where business transactions occur. The near distance would be used by those being introduced or for informal business transactions whereas the far phase would be reserved for more formal business processes.Public distance used for public speaking Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.It is subdivided into near phase such as the distance between a speaker and an audience, and the far phase being the distance for example between the public and an important public figure.This is an easy concept to understand; if anybody enters our bubble, then they are invading personal space.Invading Personal SpaceWhen somebody invades another person’s personal space it can make the person feel anxious, awkward, insecure, vulnerable, annoyed and uncomfortable simply because there is another person standing too close to them and makes t hem question the intensions of the invader.. The term â€Å"invasion† would generally only be used if the person â€Å"invading† it has not earned their place in one of the four layers. There are actually many psychological and physical effects that are activated when a person is getting too close to another and they cause people to behave a little different than usual, for example:Extreme self awareness – suddenly we forget how to act ‘naturally'.Limited movements and gestures.Reduced eye contact.Turning aside or away from the intruder.We'll usually immediately take a step back.Adopting a defensive position – folded arms, less smiles, frowning, tense posture.Stopping the conversation entirely.Factors that influence personal space:GenderMales interacting with other males require the largest interpersonal distance, Men are more territorial and aggressive by nature and will keep more distance from other men, but when it comes to women we will usually prefer to get a little closer. This is then followed by females interacting with other females, which requires a little less space and distance as compared to just two men, as investigated by Gifford in 1987. Women are also more sociable than men: they get social cues better, more emotionally expressive and are generally better than us men when it comes to emotional communication. It's only natural then that women will feel more comfortable being closer to each other than men. However it probably depends on the situation, or the relationship, or the age group and so on as well.CultureThis is perhaps the most important factor when it comes to investigating the difference in invasion of personal space. Hall (1959) identified the importance of cultural variation. He suggested that while all cultures use personal space to communicate, and tend to conform to the different categories, the size of the space within the categories varies across cultures. Hall also identified the essential is sue in inter-cultural difference as the tendency to interpret invasions of personal space as an indication of aggression.Some international examples of this are: ‘Distant' cultures (northern Europe, US, and many other westerns cultures) tend to keep more personal space and use less touching than other more ‘warm' cultures. Asian cultures are characterized as more accommodating and accepting attitudes when it comes to personal space, the theory says it's due to more crowded living conditions. Other cultures including south Europe, Middle East and South American's are considered to be more ‘warm' by nature – touch and close proximity are more welcomed and socially accepted. Age- Some evidence suggests that personal space gets bigger as we grow older (Hayduk, 1983). Children tend to be quite happy to be physically close to each other, something which changes as awareness of adult sexuality develops. In addition the gender difference does tend to also appear at this time.StatusStatus has a huge effect on your personal space size and demand. First of all, like the alpha male of the pack, the higher the status the more space is considered to be one’s (no surprise that the first class seats are bigger and have more space per individual!). Status also affects the size of the territory that is required. Just Like the kings of old owned a huge palace – not because they needed 20 bedrooms and an Olympic swimming pool, but because it showed the measure of their power and influence. In modern days we have the equivalent mansions of the rich and famous to demonstrate their wealth and rich lifestyle.PersonalityThere is some evidence of personality difference but effects here need to be treated with caution given the situational dependence of traits. Extraverted and gregarious persons tend to require smaller personal space, while cold and quarrelsome people require a larger interpersonal distance (Gifford, 1982).Urban vs. RuralThe amount of personal space someone needs is relative to the population density of where they live, for example, in sparsely populated areas people get more space than in densely populated areas; country people are used to live in a vast and mildly populated areas while city dwellers are more used to crowding. This means that city dwellers will usually have a smaller personal space than country people due to this habit of density.The distance someone extends his/her arm to shake hands gives us a clue whether he/she is from a rural or urban area. People from the city tend to have an 18-inch bubble which allows the hands to meet in neutral territory. People brought up in a town with a small population have a space bubble of up to a meter. People from rural areas tend to stand with their feet firmly planted on the ground and lean forward for the handshake, whereas a city dweller will step forward to greet you. People raised in remote areas might require an even greater Personal Space, which cou ld be as wide as 6 meters. They prefer to wave rather than shake hands.Case StudiesStudy 1- Felipe & Sommer 1966AimTo examine the effects of the invasion of personal space Method- Research was carried out in a public library amongst people of similar cultural backgrounds who were sitting alone. These people were split into two groups: 1) Those where the confederate approached them, sat in the chair next to them and moved the chair closer to them. 2) Those where the confederate approached them and sat in the next-but-one chair.ResultsWhen someone came and sat in the chair next to them and moved the chair closer to them, 70% of the lone people left within half-an-hour. When someone came and sat in the next-but-one chair only 13% of the lone people left within half-an-hour. Conclusion- People found this invasion of their personal space disruptive. Researchers also noted that those whose personal space had been invaded moved their chair, put ‘barriers’ up such as books and changed their body position to move away.Evaluation of this study:StrengthHas high ecological validity since it was conducted in a public place. Weakness- This study used people from a similar background and hence may only be applicable to those sorts of people- this study cannot be generalised.Case Study 2- Sommer 1969AimTo examine whether there are cultural differences in the use of personal space Method- Researchers observed groups of Arab people and groups of white English people in conversation. Results- The comfortable distance for conversation for Arab people was under 1 m, whereas for white English people the comfortable distance was between 1 m and 1.5 m. Conclusion- Different cultures are comfortable with different amounts of personal space.Evaluation of this study:StrengthExplores how culture affects somebody’s personal space and hence raises awareness of how different cultures have various tolerance levels (when it comes to personal space). This study also raises awareness to people of different cultures when they are visiting other, culture rich countries. Weakness- The study was conducted a long time ago and due to the many revolutions and acceptances between cultures in today’s day, the results and findings may not be as accurate now as they were then. This poses questions about whether and how time has affected personal space within the different cultures, and would possibly need a new experiment to be conducted, to update the results.Examples of invading personal space:Inviting a teacher into a student’s personal space when their help is needed at school/in class for example to help solve a problem; this relation is always a professional relationship. When caught fighting and stopped, some kids like to tease the other party with a simple trick- they reach out with their hand and almost touch the other kid (or even worse, stuck the palm in front of their face), then they say something like â€Å"I don't touch you†. I t's actually an invitation for a fight, without taking responsibility for starting it, because it's impossible not to respond to this kind of irritation.If you'll meet your favorite movie star, you will welcome his company and even his touch; even though he's almost a complete stranger to you. But it won't go the other way around- it will be highly inappropriate to get too close to that star without a clear invitation to do so. You'll probably keep a distance from your boss (probably the same one from the previous example) during work, but on fishing at trip together some of the social borders will fall down, and you'll feel more comfortable being in closer distance. However, when you'll get back to work again, you'll retain the appropriate workspace between you.